The Commonwealth of Australia is a country located in the Southern Hemisphere consisting of the mainland of the world's smallest continent and a number of islands in the Indian and Pacific Ocean. The neighboring countries of Australia are Indonesia, East Timor, Solomon Islands and New Zealand. The name "Australia" is derived from the Latin Australis, meaning of the South. Legends of an "unknown land of the south" (Terra Australis Incognita) dating back to Roman times were commonplace in medieval geography, but they were not based on any actual knowledge of the continent.

Australia is one of the most urbanized countries on earth, with up to 85 percent of the population living in cities. Yet Australia is also one of the most thinly populated countries in the world. Australia's total population amounts to around 20 million people, who inhabit a country with a land area bigger than Europe or comparable to the USA. Most metropolitan centers and towns in Australia were constructed in the 19th and 20th century so they look like North American rather than European settlements, although they are exclusive and have their own influences. The tendency towards urbanization is also stronger in Australia than many other parts of the world. Sydney is the most densely inhabited city in Australia and is built on what many call the most beautiful harbor in the world. Sydney's main landmarks, the Opera House and the Sydney Harbor Bridge exemplify not only the city, but also Australia. Australia's second biggest city is Melbourne which is the most European looking of all Australian cities. Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide all have a population in excess of 1 million people.

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